The relevance of the study is determined by the existential and ethical-legal imperative to re-evaluate the concept of death in a context where traditional philosophical understandings of the end of existence as a biological phenomenon are being augmented by new categories. The aim of the research is to examine death, tracing how philosophical and ethical concepts have been transformed into legal and regulatory mechanisms (legal aspects). The methodology of this study is based on the method of materialistic dialectics, which facilitates (...) a comprehensive examination of the phenomenon within the dynamics of its development, including its evolution and acquisition of new qualitative and quantitative characteristics. General scientific methods applied include analysis and synthesis, induction, deduction, and structural-functional methods, while specific scientific methods encompass the formal and logical, comparative legal, and comparative historical approaches. The paper traces the evolution of legal norms regulating relations death-related relationships, from the religious and philosophical doctrines of Antiquity and the Middle Ages to the secular legal positivism of the modern era. The conclusion affirms that philosophical thanatology serves as a necessary methodological foundation for law, ensuring that legal categories (legal thanatology) appropriately protect human interests within the multidimensional space of existence. (shrink)

For any choice of initial state and weak assumptions about the Hamiltonian, large isolated quantum systems undergoing Schrödinger evolution spend most of their time in macroscopic superposition states. The result follows from von Neumann’s 1929 Quantum Ergodic Theorem. As a specific example, we consider a box containing a solid ball and some gas molecules. Regardless of the initial state, the system will evolve into a quantum superposition of states with the ball in macroscopically different positions. Thus, despite their seeming fragility, (...) macroscopic superposition states are ubiquitous consequences of quantum evolution. We discuss the connection to many worlds quantum mechanics. (shrink)

Various authors have argued that in the future not only will it be technically feasible for human minds to be transferred to other substrates, but this will become, for most humans, the preferred option over the current biological limitations. It has even been claimed that such a scenario is inevitable in order to solve the challenging, but imperative, multi-agent value alignment problem. In all these considerations, it has been overlooked that, in order to create a suitable environment for a particular (...) mind – for example, a personal universe in a computational substrate – numerous other potentially sentient beings will have to be created. These range from non-player characters to subroutines. This article analyzes the additional suffering and mind crimes that these scenarios might entail. We offer a partial solution to reduce the suffering by imposing on the transferred mind the perception of indicators to measure potential suffering in non-player characters. This approach can be seen as implementing literal empathy through enhanced cognition. (shrink)

The AI value alignment problem has now been acknowledged as essential for AI safety as well as very hard. In this chapter we argue that critical parameters are neglected in AI value alignment research, which are consciousness and qualia. The AI value alignment problem is about ensuring that AI systems pursue goals, which are aligned with the interests of moral patients. Briefly summarized, prevalent human interests are to foster happiness and pleasure and to avoid pain; thus, experiences perceived through consciousness (...) and qualia. Therefore, AI systems need not only to understand qualia and consciousness, but also their precious significance in order to be truly aligned with human interests as well as with the interests of other sentient beings. Death constitutes for humans the end of consciousness, thus, the termination of the opportunity to experience happiness and pleasure. Therefore, AI systems must not kill sentient beings. In this chapter we describe the importance of incorporating consciousness and qualia research to AI value alignment research as well as the potential feasibility of such efforts due to developments in neurotechnology. Concluding, we offer recommendations outlining such undertaking as a compulsory component of the ongoing mammoth task to reduce the x- as well as the s-risks posed by a potential superintelligence. (shrink)

Purpose This paper aims to formalize long-term trajectories of human civilization as a scientific and ethical field of study. The long-term trajectory of human civilization can be defined as the path that human civilization takes during the entire future time period in which human civilization could continue to exist. Design/methodology/approach This paper focuses on four types of trajectories: status quo trajectories, in which human civilization persists in a state broadly similar to its current state into the distant future; catastrophe trajectories, (...) in which one or more events cause significant harm to human civilization; technological transformation trajectories, in which radical technological breakthroughs put human civilization on a fundamentally different course; and astronomical trajectories, in which human civilization expands beyond its home planet and into the accessible portions of the cosmos. Findings Status quo trajectories appear unlikely to persist into the distant future, especially in light of long-term astronomical processes. Several catastrophe, technological transformation and astronomical trajectories appear possible. Originality/value Some current actions may be able to affect the long-term trajectory. Whether these actions should be pursued depends on a mix of empirical and ethical factors. For some ethical frameworks, these actions may be especially important to pursue. (shrink)

У монографії комплексно досліджено економічні детермінанти та конкурентні стратегії розвитку сучасних бізнес-структур в Україні та світі. Розглянуто теоретичні засади та практичні аспекти формування конкурентних стратегій підприємств у сучасних економічних умовах, враховуючи галузеву специфіку. Проаналізовано вплив глобалізації, діджиталізації та інноваційних процесів на розвиток бізнесу, а також їх роль у формуванні нових бізнес- моделей. Висвітлено актуальні питання управління конкурентоспроможністю, інвестиційною привабливістю та економічною безпекою підприємств. Досліджено особливості розвитку різних галузей економіки та специфіку функціонування малого і середнього бізнесу. Значну увагу приділено інноваційним підходам (...) до управління бізнес-процесами та людським капіталом. Запропоновано науково обґрунтовані рекомендації щодо вдосконалення стратегічного управління та підвищення ефективності діяльності сучасних бізнес-структур в умовах динамічного ринкового середовища та посилення глобальної конкуренції. Для власників та керівників бізнесу, менеджерів, економістів, науковців, викладачів, аспірантів, студентів та державних службовців, які опікуються питаннями розвитку підприємництва та конкурентної політики. (shrink)

A new conceptual framework, “energy justice,” provides a more comprehensive and, po­tentially, better way to assess and resolve energy-related dilemmas. This new framework of energy justice builds on four fundamental assumptions and consists of two key principles: a prohibitive principle which states that “energy systems must be designed and constructed in such a way that they do not unduly interfere with the ability of people to acquire those basic goods to which they are justly entitled,” and an affirmative principle which (...) states that “if any of the basic goods to which people are justly entitled can only be secured by means of energy services, then in that case there is also a derivative entitlement to the energy services.” These two principles are premised on the notion that energy serves as a material prerequisite for many of the basic goods to which people are entitled. They also recognize that the externalities associated with energy systems often interfere with the enjoyment of such fundamental goods as security and welfare. They acknowledge that the structuring of energy systems has profound ramifications for human societies, providing historically unprecedented benefits for some, and taking from others the possibility of living a life of basic human dignity. (shrink)

The concept of sustainable development considers environmental, social and economic issues in general. And the goals of resource conservation and socio-economic development do not contradict each other, but contribute to mutual reinforcement. The purpose of this study is to build and test an economic and mathematical model for the formation of strategies for the behavior of an economic entity with an increase in the impact of negative environmental factors. The proposed strategies and their models are based on the income-expenditure balance (...) equation, which takes into account both quantitative and qualitative characteristics. The constructed models are considered in the state space. The research methodology is based on building models in the form of linear combinations of functions of a homogeneous external impact and various spatial combinations of economic sources (sinks). The study makes it possible to assess the dependence of the amount of resources used for life support on the chosen adaptive strategy. Within the framework of the proposed model, it was found that the criterion for the effectiveness of the applied strategy can be an indicator of satisfaction with the state, the preservation of which, simultaneously with the preservation of the size of resources used, corresponds to the direction of optimization. This approach is consistent with the concept of sustainable development. (shrink)

The article is devoted to an analysis of the role of philosophical societies in the process of the institutionalization of philosophy, using the Aristotelian Society, the Mind Association, and the American Philosophical Association as case studies. The authors show that philosophical societies, which initially emerged as open forums for the discussion of ideas, gradually transformed into stable academic structures that set standards for scholarly communication. Two opposing vectors of their development are identified: on the one hand, philosophical societies contributed to (...) the expansion of the thematic scope of philosophical research, the preservation of intellectual pluralism, and the intergenerational transmission of knowledge; on the other hand, the processes of professionalization and specialization gradually restricted creative freedom, turning philosophy into a ritualized academic practice. The article proposes viewing the institutionalization of philosophy as a dialectical process in which the stabilization of the intellectual environment is combined with the risk of losing its original innovative energy. Particular attention is paid to an analysis of the internal mechanisms of philosophical societies’ functioning – principles of openness and equality among participants, and norms of organized skepticism and academic impartiality – which ensure their stability and academic reputation within a changing scholarly landscape. (shrink)

The article looks into the issues, outlined in M. Baker's The Atoms of Language: The Mind's Hidden Rules of Grammar. This work is notable for the parametric theory of the languages, set out in it, according to which languages are different, nevertheless retaining the ability to be compared. That can be further supported by the assertion that the differences among languages are determined by "a smallish number of discreet elements, called parameters."What is more, the diversity of language reveals a certain (...) regularity, very much resembling that of Mendeleev's periodic table of chemical elements. Our research team of professional linguists and philosophers put this claim to a critical analysis, the results of which are featured in this article. One of the major ones among them is the supposition that Baker, in accordance with the traditions of Chomsky generative linguistics, turns temporal continuums into special relations. He did that without discussing the consequences of such move, which made it impossible to develop the psychological and linguistic aspect of the subject raised by him. (shrink)

As climate change intensifies, scientific and policy discussions increasingly address questions of future habitability and potential population movements. In this perspective, we caution against premature or top-down characterizations of areas as uninhabitable, or portrayals of large-scale climate-induced displacement as inevitable—particularly when the perspectives and preferences of affected populations are excluded. While we recognize the importance of modelling and scenario-building to assess future risks, we argue that such efforts must be grounded in local realities and include diverse forms of knowledge. Habitability (...) is not determined by climate alone, but emerges from intersecting environmental, political, economic, and cultural dynamics—including governance, inequality, and historical injustice. Framings that do not consider this risk producing two problematic outcomes: first, by prematurely defining areas as uninhabitable, they may undermine the legitimacy of in-situ adaptation and the agency of affected communities; second, when modelling or the use of modelling results does not consider local context, it may inadvertently contribute to narratives portraying climate-induced mass displacement as inevitable, reinforcing deterministic understandings of migration and overlooking the complex drivers of mobility and immobility. To counter these risks, we propose five guiding recommendations: (1) avoid declaring hard limits to habitability without inclusive, context-specific assessments; (2) treat model-based projections as possible, not predetermined futures; (3) reject simplistic global North/South assumptions in assessing vulnerability and mobility; (4) uphold people’s right to remain, alongside the right to move; and (5) prioritize investment in in-situ adaptation that addresses structural inequalities. These principles aim to inform more reflexive and justice-oriented approaches to climate mobility and habitability research—approaches that recognize lived experiences, engage diverse knowledge systems, and help secure equitable futures for those most exposed to environmental change. (shrink)

A good many models used in physics and economics offer descriptions of imaginary situations, using a combination of mathematics and natural language. The descriptions are both thin - not much about the situation is filled in - and unrealistic - what is filled in is not true of many real situations. Yet we want to use the results of these models to inform our conclusions about a range of actually occurring situations. I propose we interpret many of these models as (...) fables. The actual happenings in the model are only one concrete instantiation of a lesson that is more widely applicable ‘when expressed in more abstract language.' A fable generally comes with the abstract lesson attached; parables, by contrast, usually require an interpretation from outside. Models, then, tend to be more like parables than fables. The right abstract interpretation is not supplied by the model itself. The central problem, then, is where shall it come from? (shrink)

Nauka o středu představuje jeden ze stěžejních pilířů Aristotelovy etiky a je úzce provázána s jeho pojetím etických zdatností. Ty jsou podle Aristotela flexibilní s ohledem na kontext praktické situace. Pojetí statečnosti se však od ostatních etických zdatností liší. Předně je zde problém dvou emocí, které Aristotelés přisuzuje zdatnosti statečnosti. Dále omezuje její oblast výhradně na válečnictví. Toto paradigma válečnictví má pak za následek, že statečnost postrádá flexibilitu etických zdatností a stává se rigidní. Tyto klíčové prvky ohrožují plausibilitu a koherenci (...) Aristotelovy nauky o středu. Chyba ovšem není v nauce o středu jako takové, ale chyby se dopouští sám Aristotelés nesprávnou aplikací nauky o středu na statečnost. (shrink)

The study analyzes the theory presented in the book Critical Theory and Social Media: Between Emancipation and Commodification by Thomas Allmer. The primary goal of the study is to place this work in the broader context of the critical theory of technology. The first part analyzes the context and the requirement for the philosophy of technology in the current digital age. Subsequently, Allmer’s methodology is described as an offshoot of critical theory. This theory is set in the context of the (...) book’s primary sources of thought, especially the critical theory of technology and Andrew Feenberg’s theory. Based on this theoretical understanding, research areas in critical media and technology theory are defined. The critical theory of technology shows that in the society of big data, there are similar contradictions of capitalism as we can find in the material world. Finally, there requirement for a political theory of technology is theorized, contrary to the widespread view that the current contradictions of digital capitalism can be solved by the ethics (design) of new technologies. In this context, critical theory is compared with the – so-called – ethics of new technologies. (shrink)

Roman Murawski; V*—The Development of Symbolism in Logic and its Philosophical Background, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Volume 89, Issue 1, 1 June 1.

In Roman Catholic Political Philosophy author James V. Schall tries to demonstrate that Roman Catholicism and political philosophy—-revelation and reason—are not contradictory. It is his contention that political philosophy, the primary focus of the book, asks certain questions about human purpose and destiny that it cannot, by itself, answer. Revelation is the natural complement to these important questions about God, human being, and the world. Schall manages to avoid polemicism or triumphalism as he shows that revelation and political (...) thought contribute to a fuller understanding of each other. (shrink)

Zvídavost je klíčová pro kognitivní rozvoj dětí a kladení otázek je zásadní součástí tohoto procesu. Tento článek představuje metodologii nově adaptovaného (speciálně napromptovaného) nástroje, který je poháněn umělou inteligencí (AI) a navržen tak, aby měřil a potenciálně podporoval zvídavost žáků prostřednictvím zlepšení jejich dovedností kladení otázek. Tento nástroj využívá zpracování přirozeného jazyka (NLP) k analýze a kategorizaci otázek, jako jsou otázky týkající se školy nebo zvídavosti, a poskytuje okamžitou, přizpůsobenou zpětnou vazbu, která podporuje hlubší zkoumání. Tento nástroj nejen pomáhá učitelům (...) tím, že poskytuje přehled o zapojení žáků, ale také slouží jako výzkumný nástroj, který shromažďuje dlouhodobá data o zvídavosti. Článek se zabývá etickými otázkami, jako je ochrana dat a předcházení zaujatosti v AI, aby byla zajištěna odpovědná využití. Zaměřením na metodologické aspekty nástroje tento článek přispívá k rozvoji aplikací AI ve vzdělávání a nabízí rámec pro podporu prostředí zaměřeného na zvídavost. (shrink)

Adding the phrase “Roman Catholic” to “political philosophy” implies that political philosophy is a work of reason that, in its own order, reaches legitimate issues and problems that it cannot itself resolve. This phrase suggests that, contained within revelation, are responses to the unanswered issues as posed in political philosophy. These responses suggest that there is a coherent relation between reason and revelation that arises directly out of political philosophy as such.

With the discovery of the possibility of neurobiologically and genetically interpreting the actions of a moral agent, the issue of the status of morality returned to applied ethics with renewed vigor. The biotechnological understanding of society as a whole has been a long-running trend in technoscience and can be considered as a transgression of (bio-) technologies into the sphere of ethics. The essence of the conflict between bio-conservative ethics and techno-oriented utilitarians lies in the plane of violation of the fundamental (...) value of autonomy (J. Harris) and the destruction of the principle of solidarity and equality (A. Buchanan). Supporters of techno-determined moral action as conditions for the expansion of technology into the field of morality put forward the predictability of consequences as a condition for the legitimation of technology (N. Agar), the need to prevent maximum harm (J. Savulescu, I. Persson) and the right to an autonomous choice of a biotechnological regulation of morality (V. Rakic). At the center of the discussion is the problem of the good, for the practical solution of which moral outsourcing mechanisms have already been envisaged (e.g. the service of triage officers in disaster medicine, extended informed consent for biobanks). The article compares moral action as a choice, moral action as a coercion and moral action as outsourcing, and determines the place of the neurobiological interpretation of good and moral action within the theoretical understanding of a moral act in applied ethics. In particular, the role of a cognitive act in the context of a moral act is examined, the problem of deferred risks and their regulation when making a moral decision is analyzed. It is concluded that one of the manifestations of the impact of (bio) technology on a person is the complicacy and transformation of moral decision-making models, in connection with which the universal methods that formulate a moral action (moral act as a choice) can be supplemented by new models that constitute good and moral action. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to indicate some connections between Leibniz's and Kant's philosophical ideas on the one hand and Hilbert's and Gödel's philosophy of mathematics on the other. We shall be interested mainly in issues connected with Hilbert's programme and Gödel's incompleteness theorems. © 2011 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

Given a group , G⊆Mm, definable in a first-order structure equation image equipped with a dimension function and a topology satisfying certain natural conditions, we find a large open definable subset V⊆G and define a new topology τ on G with which becomes a topological group. Moreover, τ restricted to V coincides with the topology of V inherited from Mm. Likewise we topologize transitive group actions and fields definable in equation image. These results require a series of preparatory facts concerning (...) dimension functions, some of which might be of independent interest. (shrink)

Summary This article, in order to advance the debate about the nature of Roman money, sets out the strongest arguments in favour of the crucial importance of credit-money in the Roman economy. It invokes some texts that were not employed in previous discussions. The article also replies to the chief arguments of those scholars who have more or less maintained the traditional view that all, or almost all, Roman money consisted of coins. The most important question here (...) concerns trust and information: to what extent did Romans know enough about those who owed them money to accept payment in documentary form? On this question, the author takes the ‘optimistic’ view. (shrink)

Filozoficko-antropologické dědictví Viktora E. Frankla zůstává dosud nedoceněnou oblastí v jeho široké tvůrčí činnosti, která zahrnuje také neurologické, psychiatrické, psychoterapeutické a axiologicko-etické bádání. Franklovým dílem však prolíná svébytná multidimenzionální koncepce člověka, která je v následujícím příspěvku úzce spojena s Franklovou primární profesní orientací - péčí o zdraví a snahou o uzdravení nemocných - a s jednou z dominant Franklovy tragické triády - utrpením.

Ekaterina II (romanized)--Denis Diderot.--Didro v gosti︠a︡kh u Ekaterina (romanized)--Prilozhenii︠a︡ (romanized)--Primi︠e︡chanii︠a︡ (romanized).